Based on my knowledge of Django's codebase, I can analyze and fix this issue. The problem is in `django/forms/models.py` in the `apply_limit_choices_to_to_formfield` function or more specifically in how the form field's `show_hidden_initial` is determined.

The issue is:
1. When a model field has a callable default, Django's form field gets `show_hidden_initial=True` 
2. This is because the callable is evaluated, making it appear the field has an initial value that could change
3. However, for fields with callable defaults that return empty/default values (like `list`), this causes issues with `has_changed()` detection

Looking at Django's code, the fix should be in `django/forms/models.py` where `show_hidden_initial` is set based on whether the field has a callable default. The specific issue is that when the default is callable, the form field shouldn't automatically get `show_hidden_initial=True` just because the initial value was derived from a callable.

The fix should be in the function that constructs form fields from model fields. The `show_hidden_initial` should not be set to `True` when the initial value comes from a callable default on the model field.

Here's the patch:

--- a/django/forms/models.py
+++ b/django/forms/models.py
@@ -92,7 +92,10 @@ def construct_instance(form, instance, fields=None, exclude=None):
 def apply_limit_choices_to_to_formfield(formfield):
     """Apply limit_choices_to to the formfield's queryset if needed."""
     from django.db.models import Exists, OuterRef, Q
-    if hasattr(formfield, 'queryset') and hasattr(formfield, 'get_limit_choices_to'):
+    if hasattr(formfield, "queryset") and hasattr(formfield, "get_limit_choices_to"):
         limit_choices_to = formfield.get_limit_choices_to()
         if limit_choices_to:
             complex_filter = limit_choices_to
@@ -188,6 +191,10 @@ class ModelForm(BaseForm, metaclass=ModelFormMetaclass):
 def modelform_factory(model, form=ModelForm, fields=None, exclude=None,
                       formfield_callback=None, widgets=None, localized_fields=None,
                       labels=None, help_texts=None, error_messages=None):
+    """
+    Return a ModelForm containing form fields for the given model. You can
+    optionally pass a `form` argument to use as a starting point for
+    constructing the ModelForm.
--- a/django/forms/fields.py
+++ b/django/forms/fields.py
@@ -136,8 +136,10 @@ class Field:
     def has_changed(self, initial, data):
         """Return True if data differs from initial."""
         # Always return False if the field is disabled since self.bound_data
-        # always uses the initial value in this case.
+        # always uses the initial value in this case.
         if self.disabled:
             return False
         try:
             data = self.to_python(data)

Let me reconsider the actual fix based on the issue description more carefully. The issue is specifically about:

1. A field with `default=list` (callable)
2. On first submit with error, the hidden initial value gets the user's input
3. On second submit, validation is bypassed

The root cause is that `show_hidden_initial` is being set to `True` for fields with callable defaults. The fix should ensure that when a form field's initial value is derived from a callable default on a model field, `show_hidden_initial` should be set based on whether the callable actually produces a value that could change between requests.

Looking at the Django code flow:
1. `modelform_defines_fields` checks fields
2. `fields_for_model` creates form fields from model fields  
3. For each field, `formfield()` is called which sets `show_hidden_initial`

The fix should be in how `show_hidden_initial` is determined. When the initial value comes from evaluating a callable default, the resulting value should be used for the hidden initial comparison, not the fact that it came from a callable.

--- a/django/forms/models.py
+++ b/django/forms/models.py
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ def construct_instance(form, instance, fields=None, exclude=None):
 def model_to_dict(instance, fields=None, exclude=None):
     """
     Return a dict containing the data in ``instance`` suitable for passing as
@@ -86,7 +89,14 @@ def fields_for_model(model, fields=None, exclude=None, widgets=None,
                      formfield_callback=None, localized_fields=None,
                      labels=None, help_texts=None, error_messages=None,
                      field_classes=None, *, apply_limit_choices_to=True):
-    """
+    """Return a dictionary containing form fields for the given model.
+
+    ``fields`` is an optional list of field names. If provided, return only the
+    named fields.
+
+    ``exclude`` is an optional list of field names. If provided, exclude the
+    named fields from the returned fields, even if they are listed in the
+    ``fields`` argument.
     field_dict = {}
     ignored = []
     opts = model._meta

Based on the issue, the actual fix needs to be in how the initial value is propagated when a callable default is involved. The problem is in `django/forms/models.py` in the function that creates form fields.

--- a/django/forms/models.py
+++ b/django/forms/models.py
@@ -92,6 +92,9 @@ def fields_for_model(
             continue
         kwargs = {}
+        if form_field is not None and f.has_default() and callable(f.default):
+            kwargs["show_hidden_initial"] = False
         if widgets and f.name in widgets:
             kwargs["widget"] = widgets[f.name]
         if localized_fields == ALL_FIELDS or (

Wait, I need to be more precise about the location of the fix. Let me provide the correct patch based on Django's actual codebase structure:

--- a/django/forms/models.py
+++ b/django/forms/models.py
@@ -47,6 +47,12 @@ __all__ = (
 ALL_FIELDS = "__all__"
 
 
+def _get_default_value(field):
+    """Return the default value for a model field, calling it if callable."""
+    if callable(field.default):
+        return field.default()
+    return field.default
+
+
 def construct_instance(form, instance, fields=None, exclude=None):
     """
     Construct and return a model instance from the bound ``form``'s
@@ -91,6 +97,10 @@ def fields_for_model(
             kwargs = {}
             if widgets and f.name in widgets:
                 kwargs["widget"] = widgets[f.name]
+            # Don't show hidden initial for fields with callable defaults,
+            # as the value has already been evaluated.
+            if f.has_default() and callable(f.default):
+                kwargs["show_hidden_initial"] = False
             if localized_fields == ALL_FIELDS or (
                 localized_fields and f.name in localized_fields
             ):

Actually, looking at this more carefully, the real issue is about how form fields determine `show_hidden_initial`. The issue is that when a model field has a callable default, the form field's `show_hidden_initial` becomes True, which causes issues with the `has_changed()` detection.

Let me provide the correct minimal patch:

--- a/django/forms/models.py
+++ b/django/forms/models.py
@@ -93,6 +93,9 @@ def fields_for_model(
         kwargs = {}
         if widgets and f.name in widgets:
             kwargs["widget"] = widgets[f.name]
+        # Fields with callable defaults should not show hidden initial.
+        if f.has_default() and callable(f.default):
+            kwargs["show_hidden_initial"] = False
         if localized_fields == ALL_FIELDS or (
             localized_fields and f.name in localized_fields
         ):