chore: release v4.0.0 - sync 550+ skills and restructure docs
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# Screen Reader Testing Implementation Playbook
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This file contains detailed patterns, checklists, and code samples referenced by the skill.
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# Screen Reader Testing
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Practical guide to testing web applications with screen readers for comprehensive accessibility validation.
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## When to Use This Skill
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- Validating screen reader compatibility
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- Testing ARIA implementations
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- Debugging assistive technology issues
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- Verifying form accessibility
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- Testing dynamic content announcements
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- Ensuring navigation accessibility
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## Core Concepts
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### 1. Major Screen Readers
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| Screen Reader | Platform | Browser | Usage |
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| ------------- | --------- | -------------- | ----- |
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| **VoiceOver** | macOS/iOS | Safari | ~15% |
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| **NVDA** | Windows | Firefox/Chrome | ~31% |
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| **JAWS** | Windows | Chrome/IE | ~40% |
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| **TalkBack** | Android | Chrome | ~10% |
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| **Narrator** | Windows | Edge | ~4% |
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### 2. Testing Priority
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```
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Minimum Coverage:
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1. NVDA + Firefox (Windows)
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2. VoiceOver + Safari (macOS)
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3. VoiceOver + Safari (iOS)
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Comprehensive Coverage:
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+ JAWS + Chrome (Windows)
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+ TalkBack + Chrome (Android)
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+ Narrator + Edge (Windows)
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```
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### 3. Screen Reader Modes
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| Mode | Purpose | When Used |
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| ------------------ | ---------------------- | ----------------- |
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| **Browse/Virtual** | Read content | Default reading |
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| **Focus/Forms** | Interact with controls | Filling forms |
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| **Application** | Custom widgets | ARIA applications |
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## VoiceOver (macOS)
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### Setup
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```
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Enable: System Preferences → Accessibility → VoiceOver
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Toggle: Cmd + F5
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Quick Toggle: Triple-press Touch ID
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```
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### Essential Commands
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```
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Navigation:
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VO = Ctrl + Option (VoiceOver modifier)
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VO + Right Arrow Next element
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VO + Left Arrow Previous element
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VO + Shift + Down Enter group
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VO + Shift + Up Exit group
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Reading:
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VO + A Read all from cursor
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Ctrl Stop speaking
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VO + B Read current paragraph
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Interaction:
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VO + Space Activate element
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VO + Shift + M Open menu
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Tab Next focusable element
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Shift + Tab Previous focusable element
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Rotor (VO + U):
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Navigate by: Headings, Links, Forms, Landmarks
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Left/Right Arrow Change rotor category
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Up/Down Arrow Navigate within category
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Enter Go to item
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Web Specific:
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VO + Cmd + H Next heading
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VO + Cmd + J Next form control
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VO + Cmd + L Next link
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VO + Cmd + T Next table
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```
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### Testing Checklist
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```markdown
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## VoiceOver Testing Checklist
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### Page Load
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- [ ] Page title announced
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- [ ] Main landmark found
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- [ ] Skip link works
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### Navigation
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- [ ] All headings discoverable via rotor
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- [ ] Heading levels logical (H1 → H2 → H3)
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- [ ] Landmarks properly labeled
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- [ ] Skip links functional
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### Links & Buttons
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- [ ] Link purpose clear
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- [ ] Button actions described
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- [ ] New window/tab announced
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### Forms
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- [ ] All labels read with inputs
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- [ ] Required fields announced
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- [ ] Error messages read
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- [ ] Instructions available
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- [ ] Focus moves to errors
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### Dynamic Content
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- [ ] Alerts announced immediately
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- [ ] Loading states communicated
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- [ ] Content updates announced
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- [ ] Modals trap focus correctly
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### Tables
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- [ ] Headers associated with cells
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- [ ] Table navigation works
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- [ ] Complex tables have captions
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```
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### Common Issues & Fixes
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```html
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<!-- Issue: Button not announcing purpose -->
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<button><svg>...</svg></button>
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<!-- Fix -->
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<button aria-label="Close dialog"><svg aria-hidden="true">...</svg></button>
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<!-- Issue: Dynamic content not announced -->
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<div id="results">New results loaded</div>
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<!-- Fix -->
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<div id="results" role="status" aria-live="polite">New results loaded</div>
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<!-- Issue: Form error not read -->
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<input type="email" />
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<span class="error">Invalid email</span>
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<!-- Fix -->
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<input type="email" aria-invalid="true" aria-describedby="email-error" />
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<span id="email-error" role="alert">Invalid email</span>
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```
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## NVDA (Windows)
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### Setup
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```
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Download: nvaccess.org
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Start: Ctrl + Alt + N
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Stop: Insert + Q
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```
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### Essential Commands
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```
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Navigation:
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Insert = NVDA modifier
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Down Arrow Next line
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Up Arrow Previous line
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Tab Next focusable
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Shift + Tab Previous focusable
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Reading:
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NVDA + Down Arrow Say all
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Ctrl Stop speech
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NVDA + Up Arrow Current line
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Headings:
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H Next heading
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Shift + H Previous heading
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1-6 Heading level 1-6
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Forms:
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F Next form field
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B Next button
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E Next edit field
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X Next checkbox
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C Next combo box
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Links:
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K Next link
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U Next unvisited link
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V Next visited link
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Landmarks:
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D Next landmark
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Shift + D Previous landmark
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Tables:
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T Next table
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Ctrl + Alt + Arrows Navigate cells
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Elements List (NVDA + F7):
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Shows all links, headings, form fields, landmarks
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```
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### Browse vs Focus Mode
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```
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NVDA automatically switches modes:
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- Browse Mode: Arrow keys navigate content
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- Focus Mode: Arrow keys control interactive elements
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Manual switch: NVDA + Space
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Watch for:
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- "Browse mode" announcement when navigating
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- "Focus mode" when entering form fields
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- Application role forces forms mode
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```
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### Testing Script
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```markdown
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## NVDA Test Script
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### Initial Load
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1. Navigate to page
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2. Let page finish loading
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3. Press Insert + Down to read all
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4. Note: Page title, main content identified?
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### Landmark Navigation
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1. Press D repeatedly
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2. Check: All main areas reachable?
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3. Check: Landmarks properly labeled?
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### Heading Navigation
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1. Press Insert + F7 → Headings
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2. Check: Logical heading structure?
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3. Press H to navigate headings
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4. Check: All sections discoverable?
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### Form Testing
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1. Press F to find first form field
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2. Check: Label read?
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3. Fill in invalid data
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4. Submit form
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5. Check: Errors announced?
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6. Check: Focus moved to error?
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### Interactive Elements
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1. Tab through all interactive elements
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2. Check: Each announces role and state
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3. Activate buttons with Enter/Space
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4. Check: Result announced?
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### Dynamic Content
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1. Trigger content update
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2. Check: Change announced?
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3. Open modal
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4. Check: Focus trapped?
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5. Close modal
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6. Check: Focus returns?
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```
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## JAWS (Windows)
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### Essential Commands
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```
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Start: Desktop shortcut or Ctrl + Alt + J
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Virtual Cursor: Auto-enabled in browsers
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Navigation:
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Arrow keys Navigate content
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Tab Next focusable
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Insert + Down Read all
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Ctrl Stop speech
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Quick Keys:
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H Next heading
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T Next table
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F Next form field
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B Next button
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G Next graphic
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L Next list
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; Next landmark
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Forms Mode:
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Enter Enter forms mode
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Numpad + Exit forms mode
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F5 List form fields
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Lists:
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Insert + F7 Link list
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Insert + F6 Heading list
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Insert + F5 Form field list
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Tables:
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Ctrl + Alt + Arrows Table navigation
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```
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## TalkBack (Android)
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### Setup
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```
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Enable: Settings → Accessibility → TalkBack
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Toggle: Hold both volume buttons 3 seconds
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```
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### Gestures
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```
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Explore: Drag finger across screen
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Next: Swipe right
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Previous: Swipe left
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Activate: Double tap
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Scroll: Two finger swipe
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Reading Controls (swipe up then right):
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- Headings
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- Links
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- Controls
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- Characters
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- Words
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- Lines
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- Paragraphs
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```
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## Common Test Scenarios
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### 1. Modal Dialog
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```html
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<!-- Accessible modal structure -->
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<div
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role="dialog"
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aria-modal="true"
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aria-labelledby="dialog-title"
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aria-describedby="dialog-desc"
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>
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<h2 id="dialog-title">Confirm Delete</h2>
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<p id="dialog-desc">This action cannot be undone.</p>
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<button>Cancel</button>
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<button>Delete</button>
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</div>
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```
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```javascript
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// Focus management
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function openModal(modal) {
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// Store last focused element
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lastFocus = document.activeElement;
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// Move focus to modal
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modal.querySelector("h2").focus();
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// Trap focus
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modal.addEventListener("keydown", trapFocus);
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}
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function closeModal(modal) {
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// Return focus
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lastFocus.focus();
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}
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function trapFocus(e) {
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if (e.key === "Tab") {
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const focusable = modal.querySelectorAll(
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'button, [href], input, select, textarea, [tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])',
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);
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const first = focusable[0];
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const last = focusable[focusable.length - 1];
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if (e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === first) {
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last.focus();
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e.preventDefault();
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} else if (!e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === last) {
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first.focus();
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e.preventDefault();
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}
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}
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if (e.key === "Escape") {
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closeModal(modal);
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}
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}
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```
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### 2. Live Regions
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```html
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<!-- Status messages (polite) -->
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<div role="status" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true">
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<!-- Content updates will be announced after current speech -->
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</div>
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<!-- Alerts (assertive) -->
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<div role="alert" aria-live="assertive">
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<!-- Content updates interrupt current speech -->
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</div>
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<!-- Progress updates -->
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<div
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role="progressbar"
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aria-valuenow="75"
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aria-valuemin="0"
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aria-valuemax="100"
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aria-label="Upload progress"
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></div>
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<!-- Log (additions only) -->
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<div role="log" aria-live="polite" aria-relevant="additions">
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<!-- New messages announced, removals not -->
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</div>
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```
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### 3. Tab Interface
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```html
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<div role="tablist" aria-label="Product information">
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<button role="tab" id="tab-1" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="panel-1">
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Description
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</button>
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<button
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role="tab"
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id="tab-2"
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aria-selected="false"
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aria-controls="panel-2"
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tabindex="-1"
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>
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Reviews
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</button>
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</div>
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<div role="tabpanel" id="panel-1" aria-labelledby="tab-1">
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Product description content...
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</div>
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<div role="tabpanel" id="panel-2" aria-labelledby="tab-2" hidden>
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Reviews content...
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</div>
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```
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```javascript
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// Tab keyboard navigation
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tablist.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => {
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const tabs = [...tablist.querySelectorAll('[role="tab"]')];
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const index = tabs.indexOf(document.activeElement);
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let newIndex;
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switch (e.key) {
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case "ArrowRight":
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newIndex = (index + 1) % tabs.length;
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break;
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case "ArrowLeft":
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newIndex = (index - 1 + tabs.length) % tabs.length;
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break;
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case "Home":
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newIndex = 0;
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break;
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case "End":
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newIndex = tabs.length - 1;
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break;
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default:
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return;
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}
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tabs[newIndex].focus();
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activateTab(tabs[newIndex]);
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e.preventDefault();
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});
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```
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## Debugging Tips
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```javascript
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// Log what screen reader sees
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function logAccessibleName(element) {
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const computed = window.getComputedStyle(element);
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console.log({
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role: element.getAttribute("role") || element.tagName,
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name:
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element.getAttribute("aria-label") ||
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element.getAttribute("aria-labelledby") ||
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element.textContent,
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state: {
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expanded: element.getAttribute("aria-expanded"),
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selected: element.getAttribute("aria-selected"),
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checked: element.getAttribute("aria-checked"),
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disabled: element.disabled,
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},
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visible: computed.display !== "none" && computed.visibility !== "hidden",
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});
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}
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```
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## Best Practices
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### Do's
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- **Test with actual screen readers** - Not just simulators
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- **Use semantic HTML first** - ARIA is supplemental
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- **Test in browse and focus modes** - Different experiences
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- **Verify focus management** - Especially for SPAs
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- **Test keyboard only first** - Foundation for SR testing
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### Don'ts
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- **Don't assume one SR is enough** - Test multiple
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- **Don't ignore mobile** - Growing user base
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- **Don't test only happy path** - Test error states
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- **Don't skip dynamic content** - Most common issues
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- **Don't rely on visual testing** - Different experience
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## Resources
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- [VoiceOver User Guide](https://support.apple.com/guide/voiceover/welcome/mac)
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- [NVDA User Guide](https://www.nvaccess.org/files/nvda/documentation/userGuide.html)
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- [JAWS Documentation](https://support.freedomscientific.com/Products/Blindness/JAWS)
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- [WebAIM Screen Reader Survey](https://webaim.org/projects/screenreadersurvey/)
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user