---
name: aws-iam-best-practices
description: "IAM policy review, hardening, and least privilege implementation"
category: security
risk: safe
source: community
tags: "[aws, iam, security, access-control, kiro-cli, least-privilege]"
date_added: "2026-02-27"
---

# AWS IAM Best Practices

Review and harden IAM policies following AWS security best practices and least privilege principles.

## When to Use

Use this skill when you need to review IAM policies, implement least privilege access, or harden IAM security.

## Core Principles

**Least Privilege**
- Grant minimum permissions needed
- Use managed policies when possible
- Avoid wildcard (*) permissions
- Regular access reviews

**Defense in Depth**
- Enable MFA for all users
- Use IAM roles instead of access keys
- Implement service control policies (SCPs)
- Enable CloudTrail for audit

**Separation of Duties**
- Separate admin and user roles
- Use different roles for different environments
- Implement approval workflows
- Regular permission audits

## IAM Security Checks

### Find Overly Permissive Policies

```bash
# List policies with full admin access
aws iam list-policies --scope Local \
  --query 'Policies[*].[PolicyName,Arn]' --output table | \
  grep -i admin

# Find policies with wildcard actions
aws iam list-policies --scope Local --query 'Policies[*].Arn' --output text | \
while read arn; do
  version=$(aws iam get-policy --policy-arn "$arn" \
    --query 'Policy.DefaultVersionId' --output text)
  doc=$(aws iam get-policy-version --policy-arn "$arn" \
    --version-id "$version" --query 'PolicyVersion.Document')
  if echo "$doc" | grep -q '"Action": "\*"'; then
    echo "Wildcard action in: $arn"
  fi
done

# Find inline policies (should use managed policies)
aws iam list-users --query 'Users[*].UserName' --output text | \
while read user; do
  policies=$(aws iam list-user-policies --user-name "$user" \
    --query 'PolicyNames' --output text)
  if [ -n "$policies" ]; then
    echo "Inline policies on user $user: $policies"
  fi
done
```

### MFA Enforcement

```bash
# List users without MFA
aws iam get-credential-report --output text | \
  awk -F, 'NR>1 && $4=="false" {print $1}'

# Check if MFA is required in policies
aws iam list-policies --scope Local --query 'Policies[*].Arn' --output text | \
while read arn; do
  version=$(aws iam get-policy --policy-arn "$arn" \
    --query 'Policy.DefaultVersionId' --output text)
  doc=$(aws iam get-policy-version --policy-arn "$arn" \
    --version-id "$version" --query 'PolicyVersion.Document')
  if echo "$doc" | grep -q "aws:MultiFactorAuthPresent"; then
    echo "MFA enforced in: $arn"
  fi
done

# Enable MFA for a user (returns QR code)
aws iam create-virtual-mfa-device \
  --virtual-mfa-device-name user-mfa \
  --outfile /tmp/qr.png \
  --bootstrap-method QRCodePNG
```

### Access Key Management

```bash
# Find old access keys (>90 days)
aws iam list-users --query 'Users[*].UserName' --output text | \
while read user; do
  aws iam list-access-keys --user-name "$user" \
    --query 'AccessKeyMetadata[*].[AccessKeyId,CreateDate,Status]' \
    --output text | \
  while read key_id create_date status; do
    age_days=$(( ($(date +%s) - $(date -d "$create_date" +%s)) / 86400 ))
    if [ $age_days -gt 90 ]; then
      echo "$user: Key $key_id is $age_days days old"
    fi
  done
done

# Rotate access key
OLD_KEY="AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE"
USER="myuser"

# Create new key
NEW_KEY=$(aws iam create-access-key --user-name "$USER")
echo "New key created. Update applications, then run:"
echo "aws iam delete-access-key --user-name $USER --access-key-id $OLD_KEY"

# Deactivate old key (test first)
aws iam update-access-key \
  --user-name "$USER" \
  --access-key-id "$OLD_KEY" \
  --status Inactive
```

### Role and Policy Analysis

```bash
# List unused roles (no activity in 90 days)
aws iam list-roles --query 'Roles[*].[RoleName,RoleLastUsed.LastUsedDate]' \
  --output text | \
while read role last_used; do
  if [ "$last_used" = "None" ]; then
    echo "Never used: $role"
  fi
done

# Find roles with trust relationships to external accounts
aws iam list-roles --query 'Roles[*].RoleName' --output text | \
while read role; do
  trust=$(aws iam get-role --role-name "$role" \
    --query 'Role.AssumeRolePolicyDocument')
  if echo "$trust" | grep -q '"AWS":'; then
    echo "External trust: $role"
  fi
done

# Analyze policy permissions
aws iam simulate-principal-policy \
  --policy-source-arn arn:aws:iam::123456789012:user/myuser \
  --action-names s3:GetObject s3:PutObject \
  --resource-arns arn:aws:s3:::mybucket/*
```

## IAM Policy Templates

### Least Privilege S3 Access

```json
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "s3:GetObject",
        "s3:PutObject"
      ],
      "Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::my-bucket/user-data/${aws:username}/*"
    },
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": "s3:ListBucket",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::my-bucket",
      "Condition": {
        "StringLike": {
          "s3:prefix": "user-data/${aws:username}/*"
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}
```

### MFA-Required Policy

```json
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Deny",
      "Action": "*",
      "Resource": "*",
      "Condition": {
        "BoolIfExists": {
          "aws:MultiFactorAuthPresent": "false"
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}
```

### Time-Based Access

```json
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": "ec2:*",
      "Resource": "*",
      "Condition": {
        "DateGreaterThan": {
          "aws:CurrentTime": "2026-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        },
        "DateLessThan": {
          "aws:CurrentTime": "2026-12-31T23:59:59Z"
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}
```

### IP-Restricted Access

```json
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Deny",
      "Action": "*",
      "Resource": "*",
      "Condition": {
        "NotIpAddress": {
          "aws:SourceIp": [
            "203.0.113.0/24",
            "198.51.100.0/24"
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}
```

## IAM Hardening Checklist

**User Management**
- [ ] Enable MFA for all users
- [ ] Remove unused IAM users
- [ ] Rotate access keys every 90 days
- [ ] Use IAM roles instead of long-term credentials
- [ ] Implement password policy (length, complexity, rotation)

**Policy Management**
- [ ] Replace inline policies with managed policies
- [ ] Remove wildcard (*) permissions
- [ ] Implement least privilege
- [ ] Use policy conditions (MFA, IP, time)
- [ ] Regular policy reviews

**Role Management**
- [ ] Use roles for EC2 instances
- [ ] Implement cross-account roles properly
- [ ] Review trust relationships
- [ ] Remove unused roles
- [ ] Use session tags for fine-grained access

**Monitoring**
- [ ] Enable CloudTrail for IAM events
- [ ] Set up CloudWatch alarms for IAM changes
- [ ] Use AWS IAM Access Analyzer
- [ ] Regular access reviews
- [ ] Monitor for privilege escalation

## Automated IAM Hardening

```python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# iam-hardening.py

import boto3
from datetime import datetime, timedelta

iam = boto3.client('iam')

def enforce_mfa():
    """Identify users without MFA"""
    users = iam.list_users()['Users']
    no_mfa = []
    
    for user in users:
        mfa_devices = iam.list_mfa_devices(
            UserName=user['UserName']
        )['MFADevices']
        
        if not mfa_devices:
            no_mfa.append(user['UserName'])
    
    return no_mfa

def rotate_old_keys():
    """Find access keys older than 90 days"""
    users = iam.list_users()['Users']
    old_keys = []
    
    for user in users:
        keys = iam.list_access_keys(
            UserName=user['UserName']
        )['AccessKeyMetadata']
        
        for key in keys:
            age = datetime.now(key['CreateDate'].tzinfo) - key['CreateDate']
            if age.days > 90:
                old_keys.append({
                    'user': user['UserName'],
                    'key_id': key['AccessKeyId'],
                    'age_days': age.days
                })
    
    return old_keys

def find_overpermissive_policies():
    """Find policies with wildcard actions"""
    policies = iam.list_policies(Scope='Local')['Policies']
    overpermissive = []
    
    for policy in policies:
        version = iam.get_policy_version(
            PolicyArn=policy['Arn'],
            VersionId=policy['DefaultVersionId']
        )
        
        doc = version['PolicyVersion']['Document']
        for statement in doc.get('Statement', []):
            if statement.get('Action') == '*':
                overpermissive.append(policy['PolicyName'])
                break
    
    return overpermissive

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("IAM Hardening Report")
    print("=" * 50)
    
    print("\nUsers without MFA:")
    for user in enforce_mfa():
        print(f"  - {user}")
    
    print("\nOld access keys (>90 days):")
    for key in rotate_old_keys():
        print(f"  - {key['user']}: {key['age_days']} days")
    
    print("\nOverpermissive policies:")
    for policy in find_overpermissive_policies():
        print(f"  - {policy}")
```

## Example Prompts

- "Review my IAM policies for security issues"
- "Find users without MFA enabled"
- "Create a least privilege policy for S3 access"
- "Identify overly permissive IAM roles"
- "Generate an IAM hardening report"

## Best Practices

- Use AWS managed policies when possible
- Implement policy versioning
- Test policies in non-production first
- Document policy purposes
- Regular access reviews (quarterly)
- Use IAM Access Analyzer
- Implement SCPs for organization-wide controls

## Kiro CLI Integration

```bash
kiro-cli chat "Use aws-iam-best-practices to review my IAM setup"
kiro-cli chat "Create a least privilege policy with aws-iam-best-practices"
```

## Additional Resources

- [IAM Best Practices](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/best-practices.html)
- [IAM Policy Simulator](https://policysim.aws.amazon.com/)
- [IAM Access Analyzer](https://aws.amazon.com/iam/features/analyze-access/)